As artificial intelligence continues its rapid march into every sphere of human activity-from writing books and composing music to powering financial transactions-the need for a comprehensive and forward-thinking legal framework has never been more pressing. Supreme Court judge Manmohan’s remarks highlight the urgency with which India must evolve its legal system to responsibly govern the challenges and opportunities presented by AI and other emerging technologies. AI systems can generate creative works, make decisions, and interact with humans in increasingly complex ways, yet the legal system is still grappling with basic questions of liability, accountability, and ownership. There are no longer theoretical questions but pressing issues that require clear legal standards.
India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act is a laudable step in the right direction, but it is just the beginning. A broader legal architecture is needed-one that defines the rights and responsibilities of AI developers, users, and impacted individuals. Intellectual property laws must evolve to consider the implications of non-human creators. Law must expand to address AI-induced harms, and corporate law must clarify how AI-driven decisions affect fiduciary responsibilities. Cybersecurity is another cornerstone of a digital economy. Stronger penalties for cyber attacks must be matched with robust international cooperation, as digital threats transcend national boundaries. India must lead in advocating for global norms and frameworks that promote cyber resilience.
The challenge is further compounded by the global nature of AI. Disputes involving AI-generated patents or decisions often span multiple jurisdictions. Standard essential patents, particularly in technical hardware and software, underscore the need for a harmonised global approach to intellectual property rights and dispute resolution. Legal innovation must match technological innovation. This means training the judiciary in AI literacy, reforming court procedures to handle tech-driven cases efficiently, and fostering collaboration between technologists and legal experts. India stands at a pivotal moment. With its booming digital economy and leadership in FinTech, the country must seize this opportunity to craft a legal framework that is agile, inclusive, and globally relevant. The rule of law must guide us through the turbulent waters of technological transformation.
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