Scientists identify new target in addiction treatment

Brain immune system may help reduce cravings, relapse

Irfan Tramboo

Srinagar, July 7: Scientists are increasingly identifying the brain's immune system as a promising target for treating drug addiction, with a new review suggesting that therapies aimed at reducing neuroinflammation could help curb drug cravings, relapse and dependence across multiple addictive substances.

A review published this week in the journal 'Frontiers in Pharmacology' says growing evidence indicates that long-term use of addictive substances triggers persistent neuroimmune signalling and inflammation in the brain.

The researchers said these immune changes not only contribute to the development and persistence of addiction but also present a new pathway for treatment beyond conventional approaches that primarily target dopamine and other neurotransmitters.

According to the review, psychoactive substances such as opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol and nicotine activate immune cells in the brain and increase the production of inflammatory molecules known as cytokines and chemokines.

These inflammatory responses promote neuroinflammation, alter brain function and reinforce addictive behaviour.

The review said experimental studies have shown that suppressing these immune responses can reduce the rewarding effects of drugs and lessen drug-seeking behaviour.

Blocking immune cell activation or using anti-inflammatory therapies has also been found to lower cravings and reduce dependence in preclinical studies.

The paper highlights several therapies currently under investigation, including the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, the immunomodulatory drug ibudilast, the antibiotic minocycline and the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine.

The review also points to growing evidence that chronic drug use disrupts the blood-brain barrier, making it easier for inflammatory molecules and immune cells to enter the brain and further aggravate neuroinflammation.

According to the researchers, this interaction between the immune system and the brain plays an important role in both the development and persistence of addiction.