EDITORIAL

Playing fair

It is strange that each time there are elections, the ruling parties have to be reminded that they should go by the book. How else can one explain the Central Government’s attempt to advertise its achievements with five states going to the polls in November and December. Or, for that matter, how can one justify the photographs of Congress Chief Minister Ajit Jogi on the bags of children going to schools in Chhattisgarh, one of the states where Assembly elections are being held. Such is the tendency on the part of political parties to blatantly extract any mileage that even as the Election Commission directed that the advertisements be withdrawn, the Bharatiya Janata Party .....more

Bungalow No. 63

By now 63, Clifton is a familiar address. Not because it is the num
ber of a famous bungalow in a posh locality in Jammu, Srinagar
or New Delhi. Actually it is located far away in the well-known port city of Karachi in Pakistan. It has been a talking-point of late because although an Indian High Commission property it was encroached upon by a Pakistani citizen. It is said that Jawaharlal Nehru had personally chosen the single-.....
more

New avenues of
employment generation

By Subhashis Mittra

In keeping with the promise of providing 10 million jobs to the unemployed every year, the Vajpayee Government has accorded high priority to the creation of a skilled labour force in the country by upgrading their skills to .......more

Let your child play outdoors

By Dr Rajni Dhingra

Play is an occupation that comes naturally to a child. Children start playing the moment they are conceived since it has been found by research studies that even foetuses show movements similar to play actions in their mother's ......more

Need for a cautious
approach to utilise
nuclear energy

By T.K. Krishnamurthy

India is desperately trying to overcome its energy shortage estimated to be 80,000 MW. If we go by the Planning Commission estimates, it will cost Rs.120,000 crore. The shortfall can be met through a nuclear energy .........more

EDITORIAL

Playing fair

It is strange that each time there are elections, the ruling parties have to be reminded that they should go by the book. How else can one explain the Central Government’s attempt to advertise its achievements with five states going to the polls in November and December. Or, for that matter, how can one justify the photographs of Congress Chief Minister Ajit Jogi on the bags of children going to schools in Chhattisgarh, one of the states where Assembly elections are being held. Such is the tendency on the part of political parties to blatantly extract any mileage that even as the Election Commission directed that the advertisements be withdrawn, the Bharatiya Janata Party ‘respectfully’ urged the EC to ‘reconsider’ its directive. The party’s argument was that giving publicity to the Central Government’s schemes would keep the people better informed and it was the ‘Government’s duty’ to fulfill this obligation. It just overlooked the fact that using state resources for this purpose would disturb the level playing field at this juncture. Fortunately, however, good sense has prevailed upon the Central Government which is in far more experienced hands than the BJP. It has announced the suspension of its advertisement campaign till the first week of December — that is till the polling ends in five states. By doing so, it has done well to drive home the message that it would stay within its own limits instead of unnecessarily joining the issue with the EC. It appears, however, that Chhattisgarh’s Chief Minister is a slow learner. He must raise avoidable controversies even in small matters. School bags carrying his photographs have been rightly ordered to be withdrawn. In this modern age and time, it is sheer megalomania to think of perpetuating a personality cult. Apart from these two incidents, the EC has once again felt the need to tell the candidates to keep their expenses within the prescribed limit. Chief Election Commissioner J.M. Lyngdoh has asserted in Jaipur that he and his colleagues would ensure that the candidates ‘keep to the limits’. He has minced no words while saying that the EC would be ‘very strict with expenses and we will insist on full daily accounts’. One can feel that with every election the expenditure is skyrocketing. Ceiling imposed on it has simply not worked in real terms. Perhaps keeping this in view, the EC has decided to introduce transparency in the poll expenditure. It will ensure that ‘the accounts maintained by the candidates and forwarded to the authorities daily during the campaign would be accessible to others’. There is another logical departure from a past practice. Individual candidates will now be fully accountable for their campaign expenses. No more can any part of it be attributed to their friends and parties.

Doubtless, the election scenario in the country is much better presently. One will have to thank successive Chief Election Commissioners for this, particularly Mr T.N. Seshan who had rediscovered the powers of the office to tell one and all that he would brook no nonsense. Behind Mr Lyngdoh’s calm exterior lies a determined man. He has done his job extremely well. He had refused to be scared away by vitriolic and personal attack by Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi. In the end Mr Lyngdoh had emerged a real victor while Mr Modi must have felt ashamed about his own utterances after having swept the elections which he had panicked might not be fair. There are many other feathers in Mr Lyngdoh’s cap including the 2002 Assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir. By hinting now that he would curb the wasteful expenditure, Mr Lyngdoh has raised hope that the election process would soon be exorcised of this evil.

Bungalow No. 63

By now 63, Clifton is a familiar address. Not because it is the num
ber of a famous bungalow in a posh locality in Jammu, Srinagar
or New Delhi. Actually it is located far away in the well-known port city of Karachi in Pakistan. It has been a talking-point of late because although an Indian High Commission property it was encroached upon by a Pakistani citizen. It is said that Jawaharlal Nehru had personally chosen the single-storeyed mansion with a sprawling garden as the residence of the Indian High Commissioner in Pakistan. This was before the neighbouring country had relocated its capital. The bungalow was subsequently used as the Indian Consulate which had to be closed down in 1992. A Pakistani mob had then stormed the building in the wake of the demolition of the disputed structure at Ayodhya. The bungalow was designed by an Italian architect on being hired by a Parsi businessman Supariwala who had bought the plot from a Hindu migrant to India and later sold it to the Indian High Commission. It is just a coincidence that its encroachment was noticed by an Indian Airlines manager in Karachi who happened to pass by the bungalow. It is also nearly certain that had he not seen the renovation work being done and told, on rightly making inquiries, that the bungalow had been ‘purchased’ by one Pakistani citizen from another the deal would have been executed without the Indian High Commission learning about it. Once the matter was reported to the police, it had little choice but to intervene for fear of eruption of a diplomatic row. It was stated that the bungalow had been ‘sold’ for Rs 40 millions. Interestingly, the alleged Pakistani buyer had produced photocopies of the documents with the history record of the bungalow since 1945! He had shown someone else as the original owner. On being approached, the Sindh High Court intervened and the directed that the ‘status’ of the bungalow should be maintained. In the meanwhile, the Indian High Commission also lodged a complaint with the Pakistan Foreign Office. To cut a long story short, the curtain has eventually come down on the bizarre controversy with the Pakistan Foreign Office conveying to the Indian High Commission that the ‘intruder’ had been evicted from its premises. It is not the first time that the property has hogged the limelight. A couple of years ago, it had been ‘sold’ to a local university which in fact had taken its possession. The Indian High Commission had to effectively intervene even at that time to get its property back.

If doubts arise about Pakistan’s complicity in this matter it is because the safety of the Indian High Commission property after it has fallen vacant is its responsibility. Why is it that it has failed to do its job and let the Indian Consulate building become a matter of property dispute? Is it not that in New Delhi angry demonstrators are not allowed to reach anywhere near the Pakistan High Commission in Chanakayapuri? It is explained that the genesis of the drama in Karachi lies in India’s refusal to transfer the Jinnah house in Mumbai to Pakistan. It has been handed over to the Indian Council of Cultural Relations. If this is true, Pakistan’s anger is entirely unjustified because the Jinnah house is an evacuee property while 63, Clifton has been legally purchased by the Indian High Commission. However, in a tit-for-tat tactic, Pakistan, according to many, is alleged to have planned the illegal occupation of the bungalow just to settle a score. Such childish approach can only cause another major irritant between the two neighbouring countries, and needs to be avoided. By raising storm in a tea up, noone has gained anything.

New avenues of employment generation

By Subhashis Mittra

In keeping with the promise of providing 10 million jobs to the unemployed every year, the Vajpayee Government has accorded high priority to the creation of a skilled labour force in the country by upgrading their skills to help them take advantage of the globalisation process.

The Prime Minister has time and again stressed that new job opportunities do not mean creation of Government jobs alone. Vocational training, therefore, has become the buzzword and skill upgradation of the Indian labour force the new mantra of employment generation for our educated and not-so-educated youth.

Vajpayee has rightly emphasised that upgrading skills and knowledge base will open the avenues for more and better quality employment.

With only five per cent of the Indian labour force in the age group of 20-24 having vocational skills, a draft national policy on vocational training has been prepared and a special drive has been launched to set up 1,000 new ITIs.

If we look at the percentage of labour force having vocational skills in developed countries, we find it is much higher than in India. It varies between 60 per cent and 80 per cent.

In India the illiterate and semi-literate constitute a very high percentage of the existing workforce. The level of educational attainment of the existing workforce is very low. The educated persons without professional skills constitute nearly 70 per cent of the total unemployed.

Given the nearly 40 crore-strong labour force in India, the enormity of the problem and the resource required to tackle these issues can very well be appreciated.

Against this backdrop, an extensive programme for improving labour market information, vocational guidance and skill training is the need of the hour.

Since skill level and educational attainment of the workforce determines the productivity as well as the adaptability of the working class in a changing environment, the Prime Minister expressed the view that this productivity route to attaining a higher rate of growth of GDP is of particular relevance to India.

In view of the fact that the country has more labour and relatively less capital, India's growth strategy has to be less capital--intensive and more productivity -intensive with a large employment base, according to Union Labour Minister Dr Sahib Singh Verma.

The Report of the Committee on India Vision: 2020 says the country's labour force was approximately 37.5 crore in 2002 and it will continue to expand over the next two decades. The actual rate of the expansion will depend on several factors, including population growth, growth of the working age population, labour force participation rates, educational enrolment at higher levels and school drop-out rates. Projections based on these parameters indicate that India's labour force will expand by 0.7 to 0.85 crore per year during the first decade of this century and will increase by a total of about 16 to 17 crore by 2020, i.e. 2 per cent per annum.

Therefore, the Government has taken steps to reduce the incidence of unemployment in the country. Special Group, headed by Dr S P Gupta, Member, Planning Commission, was constituted to suggest a strategy and pogramme for creation of one crore employment opportunities per year during each year of the Tenth Plan period. Thus, the Tenth Plan aims at accomplishing a faster economic growth with a stronger thrust on employment generation and equity. It has set the target of 8 per cent annual average GDP growth rate during the Eighth Plan period (1992-97) with a companion target of five crore additional employment and self-employment opportunities.

Out of this, about three crore employment opportunities are to be from the usual process and the remaining two crore through special employment generation schemes with emphasis on agriculture, irrigation, agro-forestry, small and medium enterprises, information and communication technology, tourism and other services. This is expected to substantially reduce the unemployment problem in the country. The Special Group has estimated that the number of unemployed persons will come down to approximately 2.12 crore by the end of the Tenth Plan.

Employment in the economy is generated through the normal growth process as well as by implementing special programmes. Therefore, the special programmes being implemented by the Government include Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SJGSY), Jawahar Gram Smriddhi Yojana (JGSY), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) and Food For Work Programme. The Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) was also being implemented to provide jobs to the educated unemployed youth. Till the financial year 2002-03, approximately Rs 31,293.98 crore was released and utilised.

The change that this approach has brought about is already visible. In less than a decade, the number of people living below the poverty line has come down to 26 per cent. Over the last three years, over 70 lakh employment and self-employment opportunities were created each year.

The emerging economic environment involving rapid technological change, globalisation of economy and liberalisation of trade and industry has lead to a change in the employment pattern. While there may have been a decline in employment in certain sectors like agriculture, mining and quarrying electricity gas and water supply and in community, social and personal services, a buoyant growth has been recorded in others.

The number of strikes and lockouts declined during 1997 to 2000 although there has been an increase in the mandays lost due to these disturbances. Through the conciliation efforts of the Central Industrial Relations Machinery, major strikes were averted during 2002-03 in the coal industry involving Coal India Limited and Singareni Collieries and in the ports and dock sector. This benefitted a large number of workforce and also averted the anticipated loss towards wages and production.

Manpower rationalisation and closure in such a dynamic environment is a continuous process. During 1997-2000, there was some increase in the numbers of workers affected by retrenchments and closures. Whenever any complaint regarding violation of labour laws is received, necessary inspections are conducted and due relief is provided to the affected workers, thereby averting any labour unrest on this count.

As far as privatisation of the public sector units (PSUs) is concerned in the the changing economic framework characterised by removal of restrictions on global trade service and capital, disinvestment has been undertaken in PSUs in the non-strategic areas. However, protection of the workers interest is an integral part of the disinvestment policy. Suitable provisions related to employees' interest are included in the shareholders' agreement signed at the time of disinvestment.

To protect the interest of workers affected by such closure and retrenchment, safeguards are provided under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 and other labour legislations. In the Central sphere, for which the Union Government is the appropriate authority, manpower rationalisation and closure of units is normally effected only after all options for revival and rehabilitation have been explored.

Whenever manpower rationalisation is found to be necessary, the Government offers a voluntary retirement package to the surplus workers. The compensation provided under this arrangement is better as compared to the retrenchment compensation under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. A scheme for counselling, retraining and redeployment of rationalised employees of CPSUs has also been introduced since 2001-02 with an objective to re-orient them through short-duration training programmes. The emphasis is on skill development to enhance the employability of the workers.

According to India's New Opportunity - 2020 Report brought out by the All-India Management Association, 40 million new and high-value jobs can be created by enriching our professional resource base and strengthening our recent gains in the knowledge economy. The study argues that developed countries are going to experience a large-scale shortage of professional manpower in the coming years due to two factors: ageing and low population growth rate.

During the same period, India is set to emerge as a nation with the largest employable manpower in the world. The shortage of manpower in developed countries would require them to attract the right kind of skill sets either through migration or by outsourcing, made possible by the breathtaking advances in information technology.

Thus, India is uniquely placed to take advantage of this situation by exporting its professional services - either actually or virtually. The contribution of remote service alone is expected to be anywhere between 100 billion dollars and 300 billion dollars, with an addition of 1-2.4 lakh jobs each year. India could become a preferred destination for medical and old age tourism, educational services and leisure activities, apart from a wide variety of other outsourced businesses.

PTI Feature

Let your child play outdoors

By Dr Rajni Dhingra

Play is an occupation that comes naturally to a child. Children start playing the moment they are conceived since it has been found by research studies that even foetuses show movements similar to play actions in their mother's womb. Play is not just a way of passing time for children.

Rather, it is an activity which shapes most of the aspects of their life. Eminent psychologists, Jean Piaget, have pointed out the importance of exploration, commonly done during play, as an important basis for future mental and cognitive development of children. The role play that children indulge in, helps them to imbibe the specific set of expectations and societal rules required in social life. Play undoubtly helps children in physical, motor, sensory and language development. Play can take many forms ranging from solitary play during infancy to parallel and cooperative play during early and later childhood. Play is important not only for children but also for adults, since it is during playful activities and sports that all of us can release our pent-up energy and feel distressed and relaxed.

If play is so important, why don't we allow our children to play? It is a common observation that I have made as a parent and as a child development professional that most of us are worried about our children getting good marks in exams and going in for more and more competitions. These expectations are very much valid and I appreciate that we are taking our children ahead. But, in that process, have we not forgotten the basic needs of our children? Are we not pushing them ahead and not allowing them their natural ways of development?

In the modern era of Information and Technology boom, every child is expected to be thorough with the school related tasks. They are so busy with their studies that they hardly have any time for leisure. After school, it's tuitions and after that, they prefer to watch TV or play on computers.

Do our children go out, do they socialize, do they take in fresh air so important for the development of their body. Children, especially those from affluent families are developing problems related to life style disorders like blood pressure, obesity, diabetes and stress because of their sedentary life styles and wrong eating habits.

It is now time that we wake up, shake ourselves and try to understand how we can protect our young generations from all these unwanted diseases? It's time we restore the lost joys of childhood for our children and let them enjoy the little pleasures life and nature have bestowed on us. I am sure all of us still remember playing out in the streets with lots of friends, running around, climbing trees, making mischiefs. Why are we depriving our young children of all these?

Research evidence shows that those children (especially younger ones) who learn while playing, grasp much more easily and retain their curiosity and interest to learn. It's time, we parents and teachers encourage children to play and learn.

Remember ''All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy''. Through this article, I would also request our municipal committees to build up more parks for children's convenience so that they can have enough and secure play areas. Let us all come together and do our bit in promoting positive development of our young children.

Need for a cautious approach to utilise nuclear energy

By T.K. Krishnamurthy

India is desperately trying to overcome its energy shortage estimated to be 80,000 MW. If we go by the Planning Commission estimates, it will cost Rs.120,000 crore. The shortfall can be met through a nuclear energy programme to utilise the energy potential of thorium, which India possesses in abundance.

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs recently approved a number of proposals to enhance the nuclear power generation in the country. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL), which is building and operating nuclear power units, will be given the project management responsibilities.

Realism would imply that it would be unwise to assume that the prototype reactor, which we have developed, would start supplying power at the rate of 500 MW once it begins operating. The committee set up by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in the early 1980s to look into the disappointing performance of the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), concluded that it was inappropriate to have assumed that RAPS-1 would be a reliable producer of power as it was indeed prototypical in nature. We should be prepared for the PFBR to take two to three years, or perhaps longer, to stabilise into a reliable operating mode.

We should also be prepared for slips in project schedule. Those of us who have managed large engineering projects know only too well that the key to controlling the time schedule is to freeze the designs of the plant and its components before commencing construction and manufacturing activities. This is especially difficult in the case of a prototype where new information from research and testing will have to be incorporated in the designs. There is a similar uncertainty with regard to costs. A look at cost and time overruns of the DAE projects over the past three decades shows that in a number of cases, they have been excessive. These have been due to learning of new technologies, shortage of foreign exchange, which inhibited the import option and embargoes, placed on export of high technology items from a number of advanced countries.

The Indian public would like to be informed about the world situation on FBRs. From the 1950s, FBRs have received serious attention of scientists and technologists of the US, the USSR and the UK. The principal appeal of FBRs was that they could, in principle, produce more nuclear fuel than they consumed. This sounds like getting something for nothing. What happens really is that the mass of nuclear fuel gets partly converted to energy and a part appears as new nuclear fuel (either plutonium 239 or uranium 233). Later, France, Germany and India embarked on FBR programmes. Much later, Japan also joined the group.

After working on small size experimental FBRs some of these countries took up work on larger units, as part of the electrical power systems. Some of these early reactors had many technical problems, some related to liquid sodium which is used as a coolant. When Jimmy Carter was the US President, he was concerned about the proliferation risks of plutonium and decided to terminate the US programme on FBRs.

The UK experienced technical and economic problems with its prototype breeder reactor and abandoned the project. Germany had built its own prototype reactor, which never went into operation because of strong anti-nuclear sentiment, which became unmanageable in the case of the plutonium-fuelled reactor. France had good operating experience with a 15 MW and 250 MW prototypes and sealed upto a 1300 MW unit. The latter encountered various technical and control problems and the French Government declined to give it an operating licence, in spite of a strong recommendation by their nuclear experts. The Japanese abandoned two of their prototypes after they experienced many problems. As of now, only Russia is operating some FBRs successfully and is building some more.

In the light of the unfavourable global experience, is it wise for India to take on this challenging task? We have a unique resource imbalance as far as nuclear fuel is concerned. The presently known natural uranium reserves in the country can support a modest nuclear power capacity of some 10,000 MW. However, if a way can be found to utilise thorium, the latter source can produce more energy than our entire coal reserves.

There have been recent reports about an incident at Kalpakkam when some workers received high doses of radiation. The event occurred in January 2003; senior officers of BARC explained the event in July 2003, only after the media and responsible persons in public life raised a furore. Why the DAE did not come out on its own to inform the public about an accident it admitted was the worst in some five decades and why area radiation monitors were not installed around low level waste storage tanks, which at times inadvertently can receive high level waste, have to been explained.

In the context of the FBRs handling large amounts of plutonium, a high level of transparency backed by independent auditing of all safety measures, is essential. It will be unsatisfactory to keep these installations out of the purview of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board and tag them on the strategic installations, which are covered by an internal safety review procedure. In addition, the DAE must adopt an enlightened policy of keeping the public informed at all times about safety aspects of its installations.

In the past, the DAE largely depended on its own internal experts to solve technical problems in design, construction and operation of its facilities. This was understandable given the absence of expertise elsewhere in the country. The situation now is vastly different. There are many knowledgeable people in nuclear matters among the large number of former DAE personnel who have retired over the years. Similarly, many people in our industry also have considerable first hand experience in the manufacture and servicing of nuclear components. Our academic community, which has been utilised only in a limited way in the past on nuclear work, has become increasingly competent in handling frontline technologies.

The DAE should evolve a management pattern wherein all these resource personnel and institutions are utilised effectively so as to enhance the probability of success in all aspects of FBR work and overcome impediments in a timely and effective manner. In addition to internal reviews in the DAE of progress in the PFBR, it is highly desirable that a Peer Review Group of eminent nuclear scientists and technologists reviews the progress, anticipated impediments and solutions to overcome them and safety concerns on a regular periodic basis and reports to the higher levels of Government and indeed to the public at large. INAV

 
 



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